Revision Notes for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

We are providing Chapterwise Quick Revision Notes for Class 10 Social Science SST. CBSE Class 10 Social Science SST contains History, Geography, Civics (Political Science) and Economics.

History: India and the Contemporary World – II
Geography : Contemporary India – II
Civics (Political Science) : Democratic Politics – II
Economics : Understanding Economic Development – II 

Here we have given Revision Notes for Class 10 Social Science History Chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.

Let’s have a look at important terms and events covered in chapter 1 The Rise of Nationalism in Europe.

Important Terms

  1. Republic: It’s a state where the supreme power is held by the people and their elected representatives. The president is either appointed through elections or nomination.
  2. Democratic republic: It is a country that is both public and a democratic. It is the one where ultimate authority and power is derived from the citizens.
  3. Socialist Republic: This refers to any state that is constitutionally dedicated to the establishment of socialism.
  4. Socialism: It is an economic theory, system or movement, where the production and distribution of goods is done, owned and shared by the citizens of a society.
  5. Absolute monarchy: It is a type of a governmental form of monarchy in which all governmental power and responsibilities arise from a monarch. Louis XIV of France is the most famous example of absolute monarchy. (France is a good example of this. In France, Louis XIV is exemplar of absolute monarchy, with his court central to French political and cultural life during his reign.)
  6. Utopia: an imagined place or state of things in which everything is perfect.
  7. Nation-state: A sovereign state, resided by comparatively homogeneous group of people who share a feeling of common nationality.
  8. Nationalism: Loyalty and devotion towards a nation.
  9. Aristocracy: A class or group of people believed to be superior (as in rank, wealth, or intellect).
  10. Serf: a person in the past who belonged to a low social class and who lived and worked on a land owned by another person.
  11. Universal Suffrage: The right of all adult citizens to vote in an election.
  12. Conservatism: Commitment to traditional values and ideas with opposition to change or innovation.
  13. Habsburg Empire: The Empire that ruled Austria, Hungary, including the Alpine region of Tyrol, Sudetenland, and Bohemia.
  14. Ottoman Empire: Turkish empire ruled by the Caliph – the spiritual and temporal head of the Muslims.
  15. Ideology: System of ideas reflecting a particular social and political vision.
  16. Plebiscite: A direct vote by which all the people of a region are asked to accept or reject a proposal.
  17. Ethnic: It relates to a common racial, tribal or cultural origin or background that a community identifies with or claims.
  18. Allegory: when an abstract idea is expressed through a person or a thing. An allegorical story has two meanings, one literal and one symbolic.
  19. Romanticism: A cultural movement, which aimed at developing a particular form of national sentiment and promote a feeling of collective heritage as the basis of a nation.

Important Dates:

1688 – Act of Union – Between England and Scotland- resulted in the formation of the United Kingdom of Great Britain.
1789 – The French Revolution occurred.
1797 – Napoleon invades Italy, Napoleonic wars begin.
1801 – Ireland was forcibly incorporated into the United Kingdom.
1804 – Napoleonic Code or the Civil Code was introduced, abolishing privileges based on birth. Upheld equality before law and secured right to property.
1815 – Defeat of Napoleon by European powers–Britain, Prussia, Russia and Austria.
1815 – The European powers met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe. The treaty of Vienna was signed.
1815 – Conservative regimes were set up.
1821 – Greek struggle for independence begins.
1830 – The July Revolution sparked an uprising in Brussels, which led to Belgium breaking away from the United Kingdom of Netherland.
1830s – Giuseppe Mazzini had sought to put together a coherent programme for a Unitary Italian Republic. Economic hardship in Europe.
1848 – Revolutions in Europe
1832 – Treaty of Constantinople was signed and Greece was recognised as an independent nation.
1848 – Renunciation of the French Monarch.
1848 – 831 elected representatives marched towards the Frankfurt parliament and drafted the constitution for a German nation.
1852-1860 – Chief Minister Cavour, became the Prime Minister of Piedmont of Italy.
1861 – Victor Emmanuel II became the King of United Italy.
1864 – Bismarck fought a war against Denmark and took control of Schleswig.
1867 – Habsburg rulers granted more autonomy to the Hungarians.
1870 – Prussia defeated France and occupied Alsace and Lorraine.
1871 – Final unification of Italy was achieved.
1871 – Unification of Germany. An assembly comprising the princes of the German states, representatives of the army, important Prussian ministers (including the Chief Minister Bismarck) gathered in the Hall of mirrors at Versailles to proclaim the new German Empire headed by Kaiser William I of Prussia.
1905 – Slav nationalism gathers force in the Habsburg and Ottoman Empires.
1914 – Beginning of World War I.

Nationalism and Imperialism

  • Idealistic liberal democratic sentiments because of a narrow creed with limited ends. Nationalist groups became increasingly intolerant of each other and ever ready to go to war.
  • After 1871 nationalist tension mounted in Europe in the area called Balkan’s. The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variations.
  • A large part of Balkans was under the control of the ottoman Empire.
  • The spread of the ideas of romantic nationalism in the Balkans and downfall of Ottoman Empire made this region very explosive.
  • As the different Slavic nationalist struggled to define their identity and independence, the Balkans became an area of conflict.
  • There was intense rivalry among the European powers over trade and colonies.
  • This led to a series of wars in the region and finally the first world war.
  • Many countries in the world which had been colonized by the European powers in the 19th century began to oppose imperial domination.
  • The anti-imperial movements developed nationalism and formed independent nationstates.

A New Conservatism after 1815

  • After the defeat of Napoleon in 1815 European govts were driven by the spirit of conservatism.
  • Conservatives believed in traditional institutions of state & society like the monarchy, the church, social hierarchies, property and the family be preserved.
  • In 1815 representatives of the European powers. Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria who had collectively defeated Napoleon met at Vienna to draw up a settlement for Europe.
  • The treaty of Vienna of 1815. The Bourbon dynasty which had been deposed after the French revolution was restored to power.
  • Conservative regimes set up in 1815 were autocratic. They did not tolerate criticism and sought to curb the activities.
  • Most of them imposed censorship laws to control newspapers, books plays and songs and reflected ideas of liberty and freedom.

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