Study Notes for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development

CBSE Class 10 Social Science	Study Notes
Useful for	Class 10 Studying Students
This Covers	All Important Points
Topics Covered	1. Resources and Its Classification and Types 2. Development of Resources 3. Resource Planning in India and Conservation of Resources 4. Land Resources, Land Utilization, Land Use Pattern in India, Land Degradation and Conservation Measures 5. Soil as a Resource, Classification of Soils, Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Study Notes for Class 10 Social Science Geography Chapter 1 Resources and Development

Resources and Its Classification and Types

Everything available in our environment which is technologically accessible, economically feasible and culturally acceptable and can satisfy over needs is known as resource. Example: human beings, plants, animals, etc.
The process of transformation of things available in the environment involves an interactive relationship between nature, technology and institution.
Resources can be classified on the basis of origin, exhaustibility, ownership and the status of development.

RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Resources whose quantity is not reduced due to use and which can be repeatedly used without fear of exhaustion are termed as renewable resources. They can be renewed or reproduced by physical, chemical or mechanical process.

Renewable resources like sunlight, wind, water are flow resources, whose stock is continuous and are being used since time immemorial. Biotic resources that are renewable, may be temporarily diminished but may be renewed again by natural process and proper management. Example: Wind, water, forests, etc.

NON-RENEWABLE RESOURCES

Substances whose stock gets reduced and are gradually exhausted with use are termed as non-renewable resources. They are exhaustible resources. They cannot be increased or recovered. Their quantity is more or less fixed because their formation takes long geological period of millions of years. These resources can never be renewed or replenished. Example: fossil fuels like coal, petroleum and minerals.

Classification On the Basis of Ownership

Individual: Owned privately by individuals e.g., plots, house, car, wells, etc.

Community: Accessible to all the members of the community e.g., public parks, picnic spots, playgrounds, etc.

National: Technically, all the resources available in the country are national resources e.g., forests, wildlife, land division and the political territories

International: The oceanic resources beyond 200 km of the Exclusive Economic Zone are known as International resources.

Classification On the Basis of Status of Development

Potential: Which are found in a region but have not been yet utilised.

Developed: Which are surveyed and their quality, quantity has been determined for utilisation

Stock: Which have the potential to satisfy human needs but they do not have appropriate technology to access them

Reserves: Can be put into use with the help of technical know-how but their use has not been started

Development of Resources And Resource Planning

For the maintaining of the quality of life, resources are played vital role for human survival. Therefore, human used them indiscriminately.
As a result, resources are depleted, accumulate in few hands, and led to global ecological crises such as global warming, ozone layer depletion, environmental pollution and land degradation.
Sustainable Development means development should take place without damaging the environment and development in the present should not compromise with the needs of the future generations.
Agenda 21 is the declaration signed by the world leaders of the countries in 1992 at the Rio Earth Summit. It is an agenda to combat environmental damage, poverty, disease through global co-operation on common interests, mutual needs and shared responsibilities.

Major Problems and Need for Sustainable Development

Accumulation of resources in few hands dividing the society in ‘haves’ and ‘have-nots’

Indiscriminate use of resources leading to global warming, ozone layer depletion and environmental pollution, land degradation

Resource planning needed for sustainable existence of all forms of life

Sustainable economic development is development that should take place without damaging the environment

The first International Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, attended by 100 countries

Adopted Agenda 21 to achieve global sustainable development and to combat poverty, disease from the world

Need for Resource Planning

There are regions which are rich in certain resources and deficient in some other resources

Arunachal Pradesh has abundance of water but lacks infrastructural development

Rajasthan has abundance of solar and wind energy but lacks in water resources

Resource Planning in India and Conservation of Resources

Resource Planning is the widely accepted strategy for judicious use of resources. Country like India, there has enormous diversity in the availability of resources, therefore it is important to plan about the resources.
There are some regions in India which can be considered self sufficient in terms of availability of resources and there are some regions which have acute shortage of some vital resources. Therefore, India needs balanced resource planning at the national, state, regional and local levels.
Resource planning is a complex process which involves in three steps:
- (i) Identification and inventory of resources across the regions of the country.
- (ii) Proper planning with appropriate technology, skill and institutional set up for implementing resource development plans.
- (iii) Matching the resource development plans with overall national development plans.
Resource are important for any developmental activity. India has made enormous efforts for conservation of resources.
India has made concerted efforts for achieving the goals of resource planning right from the First Five Year Plan launched after independence.
There are many regions but these are included in economically backward regions.
On the contrary there are some regions which have a poor resource base but they are economically developed.
Irrational consumption and over-utilisation of resources may lead to socio-economic and environment problems. To overcome these problems, resource conservation at various levels is important.

A complex process involving three processes

(i) Identification and inventory of resources

(ii) Evolving a planning structure

(iii) Matching the resource development plan with national development plans

Five year plans launched after independence. Indian resource development depends on technology, quality of human resources and historical experiences of people.

Conservation of Resources

Conservation of resources is vital for any development activity. Irrational consumption and overutilisation lead to socio-economic and environmental problems

Land Resources, Land Utilization, Land Use Pattern in India, Land Degradation and Conservation Measures

We live on land. It is a natural resource of utmost importance. It supports natural vegetation, wildlife, human life, economic activities, transport and communication systems.
In India, about 43% of land area is plain, 30% is of mountains and 27% is of plateaus.
Land resources are used for many purposes like forests, land not available for cultivation, other uncultivated land, follow lands and net shown area.
Area sown only once in any agricultural year is known as net sown area.
Area sown more than once in an agricultural year plus net sown area is known as gross cropped area.
Land use pattern is determined both by physical factors like topography, climate, soil types and human factors like population density, technological capability and culture and traditions, etc.
Total geographical area of India is 3.28 million sq. km but only 93% are used due to some internal and land dispute issues.
The land under permanent pasture has decreased and also the pattern of net sown area varies greatly from one state to another. Forest area in the country is far lower than the desired 33% of geographical area.
Continuous use of land over a long period of time, resulted in land degradation. Human activities have not only brought about degradation of land but have also aggravated the pace of natural forces to cause damage to land.
There are many ways to solve the problems of land degradation such as afforestation, proper management of grazing, planting of shelter belt of plants, stabilisation of sand dunes, control of mining activities, proper disposal of industrial effluents, and proper management of waste lands, etc.

Soil as a Resource, Classification of Soils, Soil Erosion and Soil Conservation

Soil is the most significant renewable natural resource. It is a living system where plants grow and many types of living organisms take breaths.
India has varied relief features, landforms, climatic realms and vegetation types. These have contributed in the development of various types of soils. In India, alluvial soil, black soil, red soil, yellow soil, laterite soil, arid soil and forest soil are some major soils.
Alluvial soils, are deposited by the three important Himalayan river systems – the Indus, the Ganga and the Brahmaputra. It is found in the deltas of the Mahanadi, the Godavari, the Krishna and the Kaveri rivers. According to their age, alluvial soils can be classified as Bangar (old alluvial) and Khadar (new alluvial).
Black soil is ideal for growing cotton and is also known as black cotton soil.
Due to the diffusion of iron in crystalline and metamorphic rocks, red soils appear reddish colour. It looks yellow when it occurs in a hydrated form.
Laterite soil is the result of intense leaching due to heavy rain. It is suitable for cultivation with adequate doses of manures and fertilizers.
Arid soils are sandy in texture and saline in nature. Due to the dry climate, high temperature, evaporation is faster and the soil lacks humus and moisture.
Forest soils are loamy and silty in valley sides and coarse grained in the upper slopes. These soils are acidic with humus content in the snow covered areas of Himalayas.
Soil is uppermost layer of the earth’s crust which is loose and fragmented.
The denudation of the top soil cover and its washing down is described as soil erosion.
The running water cuts through the clayey soils and makes deep channels as gullies, it is known as gully erosion. The land becomes unfit for cultivation and is known as bad land. In the Chambal basin such lands are called ravines.
When the top soil is washed away due to heavy flow of water over large areas down a slope, it is known as sheet erosion.
When the top fertile soil blows off due to wind it is known as wind erosion.
Ploughing along the contour lines can decelerate the flow of water down the slopes. This is called contour ploughing.
Planting lines of trees to create shelter to break up the force of the wind is known as shelter belts.

Important Terms and Definitions

Resources: A stock or supply of money, materials, staff, and other assets that can be drawn on by a person or organization in order to function effectively.
Biotic: Relating to or resulting from living organisms. The biotic factors of an ecosystem are all the living organisms that affect other organisms in an ecosystem and include animals, plants, microorganisms, dead organisms, and even animal waste.
Abiotic: Devoid of life. Non biological factors, material or process which can affect living or non-living organisms, like rocks, weather and sunlight.
Renewable Resources: It is a substance of economic value that can be replaced or replenished in the same or less amount of time as it takes to draw the supply down.
Non-Renewable Resources: It is a resource of economic value that cannot be readily replaced by natural means on a level equal to its consumption.
Natural Vegetation: It refers to the plants and other flora that make up the plant life in the region.
Recycle: To convert (waste) into reusable material.
Individual Resources: These types of resources are owned by individuals, for instance, people in rural areas own lands while in urban areas, people have their own houses, plots, etc. to live in.
Community owned Resources: This type of resources can be accessed by all the members of a community. This includes public parks, picnic spots, grazing grounds, and playgrounds, etc. which are accessible by everyone living around.
International Resources: The international Resource Panel is a scientific panel of experts that aim to help nations use natural resources sustainably without compromising economic growth and human needs.
Potential Resources: Resources found in a region but not being used at present.
Developed Resources: They are those resources which have been surveyed and identified for their quantity and quality. Their development depends upon the availability of technology.
Reserves: These are such materials that can be utilised with existing technology but their use has not yet been started.
Conservation: The protection of plants and animals, natural areas, and interesting and important buildings especially from the damaging effects of human activity.
Land Resources: It refers to the land available for exploitation, like non-agricultural lands for buildings, developing townships, etc. Land resources (natural resources) (economically referred to as land or raw materials) occur naturally within environments that exist relatively undisturbed by mankind, in a natural form.
Degradation: The process in which the beauty or quality of something is destroyed or spoiled: environmental degradation.
Stock: These are materials in the environment that can be utilised as resources but lack of adequate technology hampers their usage.
Sheet Erosion: Loss of top layers of nutrient rich soil due to water (rain), loosening soil particles and carrying them across the land.
Gullies: A ravine formed by the action of water.
Bad Land: It is a type of dry terrain where softer sedimentary rocks and clay-rich soils have been extensively eroded by wind and water.
Soil Erosion: It is a naturally occurring process that affects all landforms. Displacement of upper layer of soil.
Plateau: A large flat area of land that is high above sea level.

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